General Introduction to Computers
Computer Basic Knowledge for all Exams and Basic Knowledge
General Introduction to Computers
Computer-
A computer is a machine that is being used in almost every field in the life of every person in some form or the other directly or indirectly.Computer Word is derived from the Latin language "Compute" word. Which means to calculate, that is why the computer is also called a computer.
- A computer is an automatic machine on which data is input using machines or equipment and after processing the data based on software or program, it shows the data as result.
- A computer is an electronic machine that communicates information by acting on data under the control of a set of instructions.
- It is capable of performing mathematical and logical operations on data to perform work or be executed by the computer.
Data is given to the computer through input devices processed by the computer's CPU and displayed the results through the output devices.
A computer is an electronic device that has the following capabilities-
Accepting data received by humans or users.
Execute instructions by storing or storing accepted data and instructions.
Implementation of logical operations and mathematical operations in an internal electronic circuit.
To give output or result to the user as required.
Working system of a computer-
Input - The data inside a system is called input. Process – The processing of data on the computer by the CPU is called processing. Output – The result obtained by the computer is called output. Storage - To store data, instructions, and results.
Characteristics of Computer:-
- High Speed
- Accuracy
- Automation
- Storage Capacity
- Versatility
- Reliability
- Logical Calculation
- Diligence
- High Speed - Computer works at the fastest speed than any machine. For example, it takes less than Micro Seconds to add two Numeric Values. In a microsecond, a computer can do more than 10 lakh mathematical calculations.
- Accuracy - Whenever a person has to do the same type of work, again and again, he starts getting tired, and the chances of making mistakes in that work increase, but with the computer, anyone process is repeated again and again. By doing this it will never happen that the computer gives two different results. If the computer ever displays a wrong result, then the reason is not the computer but the user. Who has used the wrong data or program?
- Versatile (Utility) - Computers are useful in different ways in different fields. Like creating bills, preparing reports, solving mathematical problems, making diagrams, etc.
- Diligent (Ability to work) - Like humans, the computer never gets tired. Therefore, where the same type of work has to be done repeatedly, the computer can prove to be a good assistant and will complete that task without stopping in the same way as the first time was completed.
- Storage Capacity - Computer can store many types of information in its memory. And can also provide the desired information if required.
- Automation - A computer is a machine that automates the tasks given by humans.
- Logical Calculation (Logical Calculation) - A computer is a computing device in which the computer operates logical calculations along with arithmetical calculations.
- Reliability - Computer is an electronic automatic machine on which any work can be done reliably.
Limitations (Downsides) :-
History of Computer:-
Year | Computing Device and Inventor | Description |
3000 BC | Abacus | Developed in China used as a counting device and later on for mathematical calculations |
1620 AD | Slide Rule | Normally used for engineering calculations. |
1642 | Pascal's Calculation Machine (Blaise Pascal - mathematician) | A device with eight counter wheels linked by ratchets for carryover. due to very high cost, it was difficult to buy. |
1835 (1832-37) | Babbage's Analytical Engine (Charles Babbage - Professor of mathematics at Cambridge) | Today's computer organization corresponds very closely to the analytical engine. |
1842 | First Computer Programmer (Lady Augusta Ada Byron) | She translated a paper on Babbage Analytical's Engine describing steps to follow for using it. A programming language, ADA, is named after her. |
1854 | Boolean Logic (Algebra) (George Boole - British mathematician) | Published the principle of Boolean logic, based on variables True or False. It is an important development in the fields of computers as it became easy to build reliable electronic circuits representing binary digits -1 for ON and 0 for OFF. |
1884 (1884-89) | Punched Card Tabulating Machine (Hermon Hollerith - Instructor at MIT) | It was used for the US census of 1880. The work of approximately eight years performs machine three years. |
1944 | Howard Mark-1 (Howard A. Aiken, Harvard University USA) | It was the first successful general-purpose digital computer. |
1946
| Concept of Programme vs Data (Dr. John Von Newman of Philadelphia USA) | He gave the design principle of digital computers suggesting the concept of stored programs to make computers fully automatic. |
1946 (1942-46) | ENIAC (Electronic Numeric Integrator and Calculator) John W Mauchly & J Presper Eckert at the USA. | A full-fledged electronic computer. |
1951 | UNIVAC-1 developed by Eckert and Mauchly | It was developed for commercial data processing. It was used by Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) for forecasting the USA presidential election result in 1952. |
Generation Of Computer:-
Generation of Computers कम्प्यूटर की पीढ़ियाँ
I Gen – 1942 – 1956
II Gen – 1956 – 1965
III Gen – 1965 – 1975
IV Gen – 1975 – 1989
V Gen – 1989 - Present
I. Generation (First Generation) – (1942-1956)
- Vacuum tubes were mainly used for processing in the first generation of computers.
- Punch cards were used to access the data code in the first-generation computers.
- Magnetic drums were used to store data in the first generation computers.
- Machine and assembly language was used in the first generation.
- To keep the first generation computers, more space was required.
Example -
ENIAC
UNIVAC
II. Generation (Second Generation) – (1956-1965)
- In the second generation computers, transistors were used in place of vacuum tubes.
- The transistor was developed in 1947 at Bell Lab.
- Magnetic core devices were used to store data in the second generation.
- High-level languages have developed in the second generation.
- High-level languages such as FORTRON, BASIC, COBOL, etc were developed in this generation.
- Computers of this generation were less expensive than the first generation computers.
Example – Honeywell 400, IBM 7030
Example – Honeywell 400, IBM 7030
III. Generation (3rd generation) – (1965-1975)
In the third generation, IC (Integrated Circuit) was used to work on the computer.
These computers used less electricity than the second generation computers and were faster.
Many new programming languages were developed in this generation.
In the third generation, the keyboard and monitor were used to input and output data on the computer.
This generation's Time Sharing and Multi Programming Operating System was used.
IBM 360, IBM 370, CDC 6600,
IV. Generation (fourth generation) – (1975-1989)
- The increasing forms of IC, LSI, and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) were used in this generation.
- Computers of this generation were more reliable.
- Time-Sharing, Distributed, Real-Time Operating System was developed in this generation.
- In this generation, new high-level languages like C, C++, etc were developed.
- Various networks developed in this generation.
- Memory capacity and device evolved.
- In this generation, 80386 chip was used in mini computer.
Apple II, Cray Computer
V. Generation (Fifth Generation) – (1989-Present)
- In the fifth generation, new technology was used to work on the computer, which was called ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration).
- In this generation, there was a huge development of magnetic devices, optical devices, etc. to store the data.
- In this generation, computers are smaller and easier.
- Internet is being used extensively in this generation.
- Multimedia is being used more in this generation.
Example -
IBM Notebook
i 3, i 7, i 9
Pentium PC
PARAM 10000 etc.
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